Pyrotechnic use in nightclubs leads to repeated global tragedies

A fire at the Pulse nightclub in North Macedonia on 16 March 2025 resulted in 61 deaths.

According to CROSS UK, the incident was reportedly caused by indoor fireworks igniting flammable materials.

The incident is part of a pattern seen over the last 25 years, during which around 1,000 people have died in nightclub fires linked to pyrotechnics in countries including the Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Argentina, the USA, Ecuador, China and Brazil.

CROSS UK stated: “Mass fatalities are still occurring because of the use of pyrotechnics in nightclubs.”

Crowd behaviour, venue design and materials contribute to fire risks

Nightclubs present several specific fire risks.

These include large crowds unfamiliar with the venue layout, impaired judgement due to alcohol, and the use of decorative materials which may not be fire resistant.

The presence of loud music, subdued lighting, and potentially obscured or locked exits adds complexity.

CROSS UK notes that these elements can slow evacuation and increase risk in the event of a fire.

Guidance in the UK recommends that emergency routes be kept clear and well-marked, with sufficient width to allow for safe evacuation.

However, many clubs operate from repurposed buildings which may not be designed with ideal fire safety in mind.

Legislative framework places responsibility on nightclub operators

In England and Wales, nightclub fire safety is governed by the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005.

Similar regulations exist in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

This law requires employers and operators to assess fire risks and take necessary actions.

According to CROSS UK, this framework marked a change from earlier systems, where fire safety was tied to licensing under the Licensing Act 1964.

Now, fire and rescue services do not routinely provide reports for licence renewals, potentially reducing oversight during live performance conditions.

Indoor pyrotechnics identified as a repeat source of ignition

Most nightclub fires linked to pyrotechnics have stemmed from indoor fireworks igniting ceiling or wall materials, such as acoustic foam or decorative items.

CROSS UK warned that: “The use of fireworks indoors, and the presence of combustible materials that allowed the fire to spread rapidly, producing smoke and heat,” were consistent features in past events.

Overcrowding, inaccessible exits, and lack of trained evacuation staff are also recurring issues identified in historical nightclub fires.

UK guidance available but requires clear implementation

The UK Government’s Guide to fire safety in small and medium places of assembly provides instructions tailored to nightclubs and similar venues.

CROSS UK advises Responsible Persons to become familiar with this guidance.

Key points include material requirements, layout considerations, and staff training.

It is critical that guidance is clearly understood and followed by those managing clubs, particularly when planning events involving additional risks.

Fire safety responsibilities extend to venue managers and users

CROSS UK recommends restricting indoor pyrotechnics to licensed and approved professionals.

The organisation also advises that capacity limits be enforced, exits remain unobstructed, and staff be trained in fire safety protocols.

The group also encourages venue patrons to be aware of exit locations and to report safety concerns.

In the event of a fire, immediate evacuation is strongly advised.

Greater attention needed for people with accessibility needs

CROSS UK raised concerns about the safety of clubgoers with physical disabilities.

Evacuation procedures often do not account for individuals who require assistance, magnifying the risk in emergency situations.

These considerations are part of wider fire safety responsibilities and should be integrated into venue risk assessments and emergency plans.

Cultural shift needed to prevent complacency

The Pulse nightclub fire illustrates the need for consistent attention to fire safety standards.

CROSS UK warns against assuming such incidents “couldn’t happen here.”

CROSS UK added: “We must all remain vigilant and robust in protecting these crowded spaces.”

Nightclub fire safety risks: international concerns over pyrotechnic use: Summary

A fire at the Pulse nightclub in North Macedonia on 16 March 2025 killed 61 people.

CROSS UK attributes the fire to indoor fireworks igniting flammable materials.

This incident follows a global pattern, with around 1,000 people having died in similar nightclub fires over the last 25 years.

Key factors in these incidents include pyrotechnic use, combustible decorations, overcrowding, and blocked exits.

UK nightclubs are subject to fire safety legislation through the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005.

This places responsibility for fire risk management on venue operators.

CROSS UK advises restricting indoor pyrotechnics, improving exit access, training staff, and increasing awareness among patrons.

The organisation also recommends reviewing evacuation plans for people with physical challenges.

UK Government guidance is available for nightclubs but requires full and clear implementation to be effective.